Collaborative Filtering - RDD-based API
Collaborative filtering
Collaborative filtering
is commonly used for recommender systems. These techniques aim to fill in the
missing entries of a user-item association matrix. spark.mllib currently supports
model-based collaborative filtering, in which users and products are described
by a small set of latent factors that can be used to predict missing entries.
spark.mllib uses the alternating least squares
(ALS)
algorithm to learn these latent factors. The implementation in spark.mllib has the
following parameters:
- numBlocks is the number of blocks used to parallelize computation (set to -1 to auto-configure).
- rank is the number of features to use (also referred to as the number of latent factors).
- iterations is the number of iterations of ALS to run. ALS typically converges to a reasonable solution in 20 iterations or less.
- lambda specifies the regularization parameter in ALS.
- implicitPrefs specifies whether to use the explicit feedback ALS variant or one adapted for implicit feedback data.
- alpha is a parameter applicable to the implicit feedback variant of ALS that governs the baseline confidence in preference observations.
Explicit vs. implicit feedback
The standard approach to matrix factorization-based collaborative filtering treats the entries in the user-item matrix as explicit preferences given by the user to the item, for example, users giving ratings to movies.
It is common in many real-world use cases to only have access to implicit feedback (e.g. views,
clicks, purchases, likes, shares etc.). The approach used in spark.mllib to deal with such data is taken
from Collaborative Filtering for Implicit Feedback Datasets.
Essentially, instead of trying to model the matrix of ratings directly, this approach treats the data
as numbers representing the strength in observations of user actions (such as the number of clicks,
or the cumulative duration someone spent viewing a movie). Those numbers are then related to the level of
confidence in observed user preferences, rather than explicit ratings given to items. The model
then tries to find latent factors that can be used to predict the expected preference of a user for
an item.
Scaling of the regularization parameter
Since v1.1, we scale the regularization parameter lambda in solving each least squares problem by
the number of ratings the user generated in updating user factors,
or the number of ratings the product received in updating product factors.
This approach is named “ALS-WR” and discussed in the paper
“Large-Scale Parallel Collaborative Filtering for the Netflix Prize”.
It makes lambda less dependent on the scale of the dataset, so we can apply the
best parameter learned from a sampled subset to the full dataset and expect similar performance.
Examples
In the following example, we load rating data. Each row consists of a user, a product and a rating. We use the default ALS.train() method which assumes ratings are explicit. We evaluate the recommendation model by measuring the Mean Squared Error of rating prediction.
Refer to the ALS Scala docs for more details on the API.
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.MatrixFactorizationModel
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.Rating
// Load and parse the data
val data = sc.textFile("data/mllib/als/test.data")
val ratings = data.map(_.split(',') match { case Array(user, item, rate) =>
Rating(user.toInt, item.toInt, rate.toDouble)
})
// Build the recommendation model using ALS
val rank = 10
val numIterations = 10
val model = ALS.train(ratings, rank, numIterations, 0.01)
// Evaluate the model on rating data
val usersProducts = ratings.map { case Rating(user, product, rate) =>
(user, product)
}
val predictions =
model.predict(usersProducts).map { case Rating(user, product, rate) =>
((user, product), rate)
}
val ratesAndPreds = ratings.map { case Rating(user, product, rate) =>
((user, product), rate)
}.join(predictions)
val MSE = ratesAndPreds.map { case ((user, product), (r1, r2)) =>
val err = (r1 - r2)
err * err
}.mean()
println(s"Mean Squared Error = $MSE")
// Save and load model
model.save(sc, "target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter")
val sameModel = MatrixFactorizationModel.load(sc, "target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter")If the rating matrix is derived from another source of information (i.e. it is inferred from
other signals), you can use the trainImplicit method to get better results.
val alpha = 0.01
val lambda = 0.01
val model = ALS.trainImplicit(ratings, rank, numIterations, lambda, alpha)All of MLlib’s methods use Java-friendly types, so you can import and call them there the same
way you do in Scala. The only caveat is that the methods take Scala RDD objects, while the
Spark Java API uses a separate JavaRDD class. You can convert a Java RDD to a Scala one by
calling .rdd() on your JavaRDD object. A self-contained application example
that is equivalent to the provided example in Scala is given below:
Refer to the ALS Java docs for more details on the API.
import scala.Tuple2;
import org.apache.spark.api.java.*;
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.ALS;
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.MatrixFactorizationModel;
import org.apache.spark.mllib.recommendation.Rating;
import org.apache.spark.SparkConf;
SparkConf conf = new SparkConf().setAppName("Java Collaborative Filtering Example");
JavaSparkContext jsc = new JavaSparkContext(conf);
// Load and parse the data
String path = "data/mllib/als/test.data";
JavaRDD<String> data = jsc.textFile(path);
JavaRDD<Rating> ratings = data.map(s -> {
String[] sarray = s.split(",");
return new Rating(Integer.parseInt(sarray[0]),
Integer.parseInt(sarray[1]),
Double.parseDouble(sarray[2]));
});
// Build the recommendation model using ALS
int rank = 10;
int numIterations = 10;
MatrixFactorizationModel model = ALS.train(JavaRDD.toRDD(ratings), rank, numIterations, 0.01);
// Evaluate the model on rating data
JavaRDD<Tuple2<Object, Object>> userProducts =
ratings.map(r -> new Tuple2<>(r.user(), r.product()));
JavaPairRDD<Tuple2<Integer, Integer>, Double> predictions = JavaPairRDD.fromJavaRDD(
model.predict(JavaRDD.toRDD(userProducts)).toJavaRDD()
.map(r -> new Tuple2<>(new Tuple2<>(r.user(), r.product()), r.rating()))
);
JavaRDD<Tuple2<Double, Double>> ratesAndPreds = JavaPairRDD.fromJavaRDD(
ratings.map(r -> new Tuple2<>(new Tuple2<>(r.user(), r.product()), r.rating())))
.join(predictions).values();
double MSE = ratesAndPreds.mapToDouble(pair -> {
double err = pair._1() - pair._2();
return err * err;
}).mean();
System.out.println("Mean Squared Error = " + MSE);
// Save and load model
model.save(jsc.sc(), "target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter");
MatrixFactorizationModel sameModel = MatrixFactorizationModel.load(jsc.sc(),
"target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter");In the following example we load rating data. Each row consists of a user, a product and a rating. We use the default ALS.train() method which assumes ratings are explicit. We evaluate the recommendation by measuring the Mean Squared Error of rating prediction.
Refer to the ALS Python docs for more details on the API.
from pyspark.mllib.recommendation import ALS, MatrixFactorizationModel, Rating
# Load and parse the data
data = sc.textFile("data/mllib/als/test.data")
ratings = data.map(lambda l: l.split(','))\
.map(lambda l: Rating(int(l[0]), int(l[1]), float(l[2])))
# Build the recommendation model using Alternating Least Squares
rank = 10
numIterations = 10
model = ALS.train(ratings, rank, numIterations)
# Evaluate the model on training data
testdata = ratings.map(lambda p: (p[0], p[1]))
predictions = model.predictAll(testdata).map(lambda r: ((r[0], r[1]), r[2]))
ratesAndPreds = ratings.map(lambda r: ((r[0], r[1]), r[2])).join(predictions)
MSE = ratesAndPreds.map(lambda r: (r[1][0] - r[1][1])**2).mean()
print("Mean Squared Error = " + str(MSE))
# Save and load model
model.save(sc, "target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter")
sameModel = MatrixFactorizationModel.load(sc, "target/tmp/myCollaborativeFilter")If the rating matrix is derived from other source of information (i.e. it is inferred from other signals), you can use the trainImplicit method to get better results.
# Build the recommendation model using Alternating Least Squares based on implicit ratings
model = ALS.trainImplicit(ratings, rank, numIterations, alpha=0.01)In order to run the above application, follow the instructions provided in the Self-Contained Applications section of the Spark Quick Start guide. Be sure to also include spark-mllib to your build file as a dependency.
Tutorial
The training exercises from the Spark Summit 2014 include a hands-on tutorial for
personalized movie recommendation with spark.mllib.